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<kwd> Keyword

A keyword is a finding aid used for identification, searching, and indexing purposes that records one specific term, key phrase, abbreviation, taxonomic structure, or other expression that is found within the text of a standards document, or implied (broader, narrower, etc.) from terms found within this text.

Usage/Remarks

Content and Source

A keyword element (<kwd>) may contain, for example:
  • a repetition of words found in the standards document,
  • terms that are relevant to the standards document (broader terms, narrower terms, related terms) even if those words are not in the content, or
  • taxonomic identifiers that can be used to find the standard in a search or provide semantic classification of the text by mapping a specific structure to a taxonomy.
The source of the keywords could be a taxonomy, a thesaurus (such as ISO 25964-1:ed-1:2011 https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:25964:-1:ed-1:v1:en:term:2.62), a database, a controlled vocabulary (ISO 25964-1:ed-1:2011 https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:25964:-1:ed-1:v1:en:term:2.12), an uncontrolled vocabulary, an index, or other term source.
Although similar in content to index terms, tagged keywords are part of the metadata of a standards document (inside one of the *-meta elements), while index terms (<index-term>) are scattered throughout the narrative prose of the standards documents to enable generation of an Index. Keywords may be displayed as part of the metadata, or they may be undisplayed metadata used only for searching.
Language in Keywords
Keywords are contained in <kwd-group> elements. There may be several <kwd-group>s, each of which can be identified separately by language, vocabulary, or taxonomy source. Since different languages could mean, for example, different writing directions, none of the individual keyword elements (<kwd>, <compound-kwd>, <nested-kwd>) take the @xml:lang attribute; that is reserved for the <kwd-group> element. This means that if there are keywords in several languages they should be in different <kwd-group>s.
Vocabulary Attributes
Two vocabulary attributes can be used to link a keyword to its specific term source in a controlled vocabulary:
  • @vocab-term — This attribute holds the canonical form of the keyword as expressed in the vocabulary named in the <kwd-group>. The content of the keyword element (<kwd>, <compound-kwd>, <nested-kwd>) need not be exactly the same as the canonical form of the term, as the keyword element content might be a user-specific variant, for example, the term in another language.
  • @vocab-term-identifier — This attribute holds a unique identifier and possible pointer to the specific term in the named vocabulary (typically a URI or DOI reference), but @vocab-term-identifier could be an item number or other system-specific identifier.
If the controlled vocabulary is it not named on the <kwd-group>, it is also possible to use two additional vocabulary attributes on <kwd> to name the entire controlled vocabulary:
  • @vocab — This attribute holds the name of a controlled or generic (uncontrolled) vocabulary, taxonomy, ontology, database, thesaurus, etc. that is the source of the keywords in the group, for example, “CRediT”, “inspec”, “structural engineering”, or “VWL”. In cases where there is no named vocabulary, the @vocab attribute should be set to “uncontrolled”.
  • @vocab-identifier — This attribute holds a unique identifier and possible pointer to the named vocabulary (typically a URI or DOI reference).
Related Elements
Types of Keywords: This Tag Set contains several differently-structured types of keywords:
  • <kwd> Used with simple keywords, such as words or phrases.
  • <compound-kwd> Used with multi-part keywords, such as keywords that contain both a code and its expansion/description/name/title.
  • <nested-kwd> Used with hierarchical keyword structures, such as taxonomies, to record a portion of a taxonomic hierarchy. Both simple and compound keywords can be nested hierarchically.
Keywords vs Subjects Terms: Subject terms (collected within a <subj-group> element) name broad classifications, categories, topics, or themes that describe or classify a standard. Keywords (collected within a <kwd-group> element) contain words from the narrative text or words (such as broader and narrower terms) related to that text.
Attributes
assigning-authority
content-type
specific-use
vocab
vocab-identifier
vocab-term
vocab-term-identifier

Base Attributes

id
xml:base
Models and Context
May be contained in
<kwd-group>, <nested-kwd>
Description
Any combination of:
Content Model
<!ELEMENT  kwd          (#PCDATA %kwd-elements;)*                    >
Expanded Content Model

(#PCDATA | bold | fixed-case | italic | monospace | num | overline | roman | sans-serif | sc | strike | underline | ruby | inline-graphic | private-char | inline-code | inline-media | named-content | styled-content | sub | sup)*

Tagged Samples
INSPEC keywords added by SDO 
...
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="INSPEC" originator="IEEE">
 <kwd>social networking (online)</kwd>
 <kwd>buyer&#x0027;s guides</kwd>
 <kwd>electronic commerce</kwd>
</kwd-group> 

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="InspecFree" originator="IEEE">
 <kwd>whiz list</kwd>
 <kwd>social networking sites</kwd>
 <kwd>online purchase</kwd>
 <kwd>e-commerce portals</kwd>
 <kwd>Web site users</kwd>
 <kwd>marketing strategy</kwd>
</kwd-group>
...
Working Group keywords 
...
<std-meta>
 ...
 <kwd-group kwd-group-type="working group" vocab="uncontrolled">
  <kwd>adoption</kwd>
  <kwd>assurance</kwd>
  <kwd>assurance case</kwd>
  <kwd>claim</kwd>
  <kwd>IEEE 15026-1 &#x2122;</kwd>
  <kwd>integrity level</kwd>
  <kwd>life cycle processes</kwd>
  <kwd>reliability</kwd>
  <kwd>software assurance</kwd>
  <kwd>software engineering</kwd>
  <kwd>system assurance</kwd>
  <kwd>systems engineering</kwd>
 </kwd-group>
</std-meta>
...